Angular v14 tutorial

Angular 14 is the latest version of the popular platform designed to build web and mobile applications with TypeScript. It was released on 2022-06-02 with many new features that include standalone components, directives and pipes that make modules optional and typed forms.

This tutorial is intended for developers who intend to use Angular 14 to create front-end applications that communicate with their back-end REST API.

The author will demonstrate by way of an example how to create a CRUD REST API using Angular 14 and Python.

Improvements in efficiency, new and powerful CLI enhancements are some of the features in Angular. While working through the steps of this tutorial, which is intended for beginners, you'll learn Angular 14 through doing by creating a full-stack CRUD web application (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) that utilizes the latest version of the most popular framework and platform for developing mobile and desktop client side applications (also known as SPAs or Single Page Applications), which was created and is used internally by Google.

Python and Django will be used in the back-end, which is the most popular pythonic web framework developed for perfectionists working under strict deadlines.

In a nutshell, you'll learn how to develop Angular 14 applications, create components and services, and include routing. A variety of features, such as using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Client for sending AJAX requests and making HTTP calls, or subscribing to RxJS observables, will be covered.

By the end of this Angular 14 tutorial, you'll learn by building a real world example application:

• how to install the latest version of Angular 14 CLI,
• how to use the Angular 14 CLI to generate a new Angular 14 project,
• how to use Angular 14 to build a simple CRM application,
• what's a component and component-based architecture
• how to use RxJS Observables and operators (map() and filter() etc.)
• how to create Angular 14 components,
• how to add component routing and navigation,
• how to use HttpClient to consume a REST API etc.
  

The Django Example CRUD Back-End

We'll make use of a simple CRUD API built with Django and Django REST framework. Since this is an Angular 14 tutorial we'll not focus on building the API as this will be the subject of a separate tutorial but you can grab the source code of the back-end API from this repository

You can use the following commands to start the development server:

# Clone the project and navigate into it
$ git clone https://github.com/techiediaries/django-crm
$ cd django-crm

# Create a virtual environment and install packages
$ pipenv install

# Activate the virtual environment
$ pipenv shell 

# Create and migrate the database then run the local development server
$ python manage.py migrate
$ python manage.py runserver

You server will be running from http://localhost:8000.

We are using pipenv, the officially recommended package management tool for Python so you'll need to have it installed. The process is quite simple depending on your operating system.

Angular 14 CRUD Example

The example Angular 14 application we'll be building is the front-end for a CRM RESTful API that will allow you to create accounts, leads, opportunities and contacts. It's a perfect example for a CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) application built as an SPA (Single Page Application). The example application is work on progress so we'll be building it through a series of tutorials and will be updated to contain advanced features such as RxJS and JWT authentication. We'll also use Bootstrap and Angular 14 Material for building and styling the UI components. You either need Bootstrap or Angular 14 Material for styling so depending on your choice you can follow separate tutorials:

Installing the Angular 14 CLI

Make sure you have Node.js installed, next run the following command in your terminal to install Angular 14 CLI.

npm -g install @angular/cli

You can check the installed version by running the following command:

ng version

? Would you like to enable autocompletion? This will set up your terminal so 
pressing TAB while typing Angular CLI commands will show possible options and 
autocomplete arguments. (Enabling autocompletion will modify configuration files
 in your home directory.) (Y/n) 

This is the output I'm getting:

Angular CLI: 14.0.1
Node: 16.15.0
Package Manager: npm 8.5.5 
OS: linux x64

Angular: 
... 

Package                      Version
------------------------------------------------------
@angular-devkit/architect    0.1400.1 (cli-only)
@angular-devkit/core         14.0.1 (cli-only)
@angular-devkit/schematics   14.0.1 (cli-only)
@schematics/angular          14.0.1 (cli-only)

typescript                   2.7.2

Now, you're ready to create a project using Angular 14 CLI. Simply run the following command in your terminal:

ng new crmapp

The CLI will automatically generate a bunch of files common to most Angular 14 projects and install the required dependencies for your project.

We will mostly be working inside the src/app folder. This is the directory structure of the project:

You can serve your application locally by running the following commands:

# Navigate inside your project's folder
$ cd crmapp

# Serve your application
$ ng serve

You application will be running from http://localhost:4200.

This is a screen-shot of home page of the application:

Components in Angular 14

Now what's a component?

A component is a TypeScript class with an HTML template and an optional set of CSS styles that control a part of the screen.

Components are the most important concept in Angular. An Angular 14 application is basically a tree of components with a root component (the famous AppComponent). The root component is the one contained in the bootstrap array in the main NgModule module app.module.ts.

One important aspect of components is re-usability. A component can be re-used throughout the application and even in other applications. Common and repeatable code that performs a certain task can be encapsulated into a re-usable component that can be called whenever we need the functionality it provides.

Each bootstrapped component is the base of its own tree of components. Inserting a bootstrapped component usually triggers a cascade of component creations that fill out that tree. source

Component-Based Architecture

An Angular 14 application is made of several components forming a tree structure with parent and child components.

A component is an independent block of a big system (web application) that communicates with the other building blocks (components) of the system using inputs and outputs. A component has associated view, data and behavior and may have parent and child components.

Components allow maximum re-usability, easy testing, maintenance and separation of concerns.

Let's now see this practically. Head over to your Angular 14 application project folder and open the src/app folder. You will find the following files:

• app.component.css: the CSS file for the component
• app.component.html: the HTML view for the component
• app.component.spec.ts: the unit tests or spec file for the component
• app.component.ts: the component code (data and behavior)
• app.module.ts: the application main module

Except for the last file which contains the declaration of the application main (root) Module, all these files are used to create a component. It's the AppComponent: The root component of our application. All other components we are going to create next will be direct or un-direct children of the root component.

Demystifying the AppComponent (The Root Component of Angular 14 Applications)

Go ahead and open the src/app/app.component.ts file and let's understand the code behind the main/root component of the application.

First, this is the code:

import { Component } from  '@angular/core';
@Component({
    selector:  'app-root',
    templateUrl:  './app.component.html',
    styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export  class  AppComponent {
    title  =  'app';
}

We first import the Component decorator from @angular/core then we use it to decorate the TypeScript class AppComponent. The Component decorator takes an object with many parameters such as:

• selector: specifies the tag that can be used to call this component in HTML templates just like the standard HTML tags
• templateUrl: indicates the path of the HTML template that will be used to display this component (you can also use the template parameter to include the template inline as a string)
• styleUrls: specifies an array of URLs for CSS style-sheets for the component

The export keyword is used to export the component so that it can be imported from other components and modules in the application.

The title variable is a member variable that holds the string 'app'. There is nothing special about this variable and it's not a part of the canonical definition of an Angular 14 component.

Now let's see the corresponding template for this component. If you open src/app/app.component.html this is what you'll find:

<div  style="text-align:center">
<h1>
Welcome to !
</h1>
    <img  width="300"  alt="Angular 14 Logo"  src="data:image/svg+xml;....">
</div>

    <h2>Here are some links to help you start: </h2>
<ul>
    <li>
    <h2><a  target="_blank"  rel="noopener"  href="https://angular.io/tutorial">Tour of Heroes</a></h2>
    </li>
    <li>
    <h2><a  target="_blank"  rel="noopener"  href="https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/wiki">CLI Documentation</a></h2>
    </li>
    <li>
    <h2><a  target="_blank"  rel="noopener"  href="https://blog.angular.io/">Angular 14 blog</a></h2>
    </li>
</ul>

The template is a normal HTML file (almost all HTML tags are valid to be used inside Angular 14 templates except for some tags such as <script>, <html> and <body> etc.) with the exception that it can contain template variables (in this case the title variable) or expressions ({{...}}) that can be used to insert values in the DOM dynamically. This is called interpolation or data binding. You can find more information about templates from the docs.

You can also use other components directly inside Angular 14 templates (via the selector property) just like normal HTML.

If you are familiar with the MVC (Model View Controller) pattern, the component class plays the role of the Controller and the HTML template plays the role of the View.

Angular 14 components by example

After getting the theory behind Angular 14 components, let's now create the components for our simple CRM application.

Our REST API, built with Django, exposes these endpoints:

• /api/accounts: create or read a paginated list of accounts

• /api/accounts/<id>: read, update or delete an account

• /api/contacts: create or read a paginated list of contacts

• /api/contacts/<id>: read, update or delete a contact

• /api/leads: create or read a paginated list of leads

• /api/leads/<id>: read, update or delete a lead

• /api/opportunities: create or read a paginated list of opportunities

• /api/opportunities/<id>: read, update or delete an opportunity

Before adding routing to our application we first need to create the application's components so based on the exposed REST API architecture we can initially divide our application into these components:

• AccountListComponent: this component displays and controls a tabular list of accounts

• AccountCreateComponent: this component displays and controls a form for creating or updating accounts

• ContactListComponent: displays a table of contacts

• ContactCreateComponent: displays a form to create or update a contact

• LeadListComponent: displays a table of leads

• LeadCreateComponent: displays a form to create or update a lead

• OpportunityListComponent: displays a table of opportunities

• OpportunityCreateComponent: displays a form to create or update an opportunity

Let's use the Angular 14 CLI to create the components

ng generate component AccountList
ng generate component AccountCreate

ng generate component ContactList
ng generate component ContactCreate

ng generate component LeadList
ng generate component LeadCreate

ng generate component OpportunityList
ng generate component OpportunityCreate

This is the output of the first command:

CREATE src/app/account-list/account-list.component.css (0 bytes)
CREATE src/app/account-list/account-list.component.html (31 bytes)
CREATE src/app/account-list/account-list.component.spec.ts (664 bytes)
CREATE src/app/account-list/account-list.component.ts (292 bytes)
UPDATE src/app/app.module.ts (418 bytes)

You can see that the command generates all the files to define a component and also updates src/app/app.module.ts.

If you open src/app/app.module.ts after running all commands, you can see that all components are automatically added to the AppModule declarations array.:

import { BrowserModule } from  '@angular/platform-browser';

import { NgModule } from  '@angular/core';



import { AppComponent } from  './app.component';

import { AccountListComponent } from  './account-list/account-list.component';

import { AccountCreateComponent } from  './account-create/account-create.component';

import { ContactListComponent } from  './contact-list/contact-list.component';

import { ContactCreateComponent } from  './contact-create/contact-create.component';

import { LeadListComponent } from  './lead-list/lead-list.component';

import { LeadCreateComponent } from  './lead-create/lead-create.component';

import { OpportunityListComponent } from  './opportunity-list/opportunity-list.component';

import { OpportunityCreateComponent } from  './opportunity-create/opportunity-create.component';

@NgModule({

declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    AccountListComponent,
    AccountCreateComponent,
    ContactListComponent,
    ContactCreateComponent,
    LeadListComponent,
    LeadCreateComponent,
    OpportunityListComponent,
    OpportunityCreateComponent
],
imports: [
    BrowserModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export  class  AppModule { }

If you are creating components manually, you need to make sure to include manually so they can be recognized as part of the module.

Adding Angular 14 routing

Angular 14 CLI provides the --routing switch (ng new crmapp --routing) that enables you to add routing automatically but we're going to add routing manually for the sake of understanding the various pieces involved in adding component routing to your Angular 14 application.

In fact, adding routing is quite simple:

• add a separate module (which can be called AppRoutingModule) in a file app-routing.module.ts, and import the module by including it in the imports of main AppModule,
• add <router-outlet></router-outlet> in app.component.html (this is where the Angular 14 Router will insert components matching the current path),
• add routes (each route is an object with properties such as path and component etc.).

This is the initial content of app-routing.module.ts:

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';

const routes: Routes = [
];

@NgModule({
  imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
  exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class AppRoutingModule { }

The routes will contain all the routes of the application. After creating the components we'll see how to add routes to this array.

For now, we want to redirect the visitor to the /accounts path when the home URL is visited so the first path we'll add is:

{ path:  '', redirectTo:  'accounts', pathMatch:  'full' },

The pathMatch specifies the matching strategy. full means that we want to fully match the path.

Next let's add the other paths:

{ path:  '', redirectTo:  'accounts', pathMatch:  'full' },
{
    path:  'accounts',
    component:  AccountListComponent
},
{
    path:  'create-account',
    component:  AccountCreateComponent
},
{
    path:  'contacts',
    component:  ContactListComponent
},
{
    path:  'create-contact',
    component:  ContactCreateComponent
},
{
    path:  'leads',
    component:  LeadListComponent
},
{
    path:  'create-lead',
    component:  LeadCreateComponent
},
{
    path:  'opportunities',
    component:  OpportunityListComponent
},
{
    path:  'create-opportunity',
    component:  OpportunityCreateComponent
}

];

Now open src/app/app.module.ts and import the routing module then add it to the imports array:

import {AppRoutingModule} from  './app-routing.module';
[...]

@NgModule({

declarations: [

AppComponent,
[...]
],

imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    AppRoutingModule
],
[...]
})
export  class  AppModule { }

Finally, open src/app/app.component.html then add the navigation links and the router outlet:

<a [routerLink]="'/accounts'"> Accounts </a>
<a [routerLink]="'/create-account'"> Create Account </a>

<a [routerLink]="'/contacts'"> Contacts </a>
<a [routerLink]="'/create-contact'"> Create Contact </a>

<a [routerLink]="'/leads'"> Leads </a>
<a [routerLink]="'/create-lead'"> Create Lead </a>

<a [routerLink]="'/opportunities'"> Opportunities </a>
<a [routerLink]="'/create-opportunity'"> Create Opportunity </a>

<div>
    <router-outlet></router-outlet>
</div>

An example for consuming the REST API using Angular 14 HttpClient

Now that we've created the different components and added routing and navigation, let's see an example of how to use the HttpClient of Angular 14 to consume the RESTful API back-end.

First, you need to add the HttpClientModule module to the imports array of the main application module

[..]
import { HttpClientModule } from  '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({

declarations: [
..
],

imports: [

[..]

HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]

})

export  class  AppModule { }

Create an Angular 14 dervice/provider

A service is a global class that can be injected in any component. It's used to encapsulate code that can be common between multiple components in one place instead of repeating it throughout various components.

Now, lets create a service that encapsulates all the code needed for interacting with the REST API. Using Angulat CLI run the following command:

ng g service api

Two files: src/app/api.service.ts and src/app/api.service.spec.ts will be generated. The first contains code for the service and the second contains tests.

Open src/app/api.service.ts then import and inject the HttpClient class.

import { Injectable } from  '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient} from  '@angular/common/http';

@Injectable({
providedIn:  'root'
})

export  class  APIService {

    constructor(private  httpClient:  HttpClient) {}

}

Angular 14 provides a way to register services/providers directly in the @Injectable() decorator by using the new providedIn attribute. This attribute accepts any module of your application or 'root' for the main app module. Now you don't have to include your service in the providers array of your module.

Getting Contacts/Sending HTTP GET Request Example

Let's start with the contacts API endpoint.

• First we'll add a method to consume this endpoint in our global API service,
• next we'll inject the API service and call the method from the corresponding component class (ContactListComponent)
• and finally we'll display the result (the list of contacts) in the component template.

Open src/app/api.service.ts and add the following method:

export  class  APIService {
API_URL  =  'http://localhost:8000';
constructor(private  httpClient:  HttpClient) {}
getContacts(){
    return  this.httpClient.get(`${this.API_URL}/contacts`);
}

Next, open src/app/contact-list/contact-list.component.ts and inject the APIService then call the getContacts() method:

import { Component, OnInit } from  '@angular/core';
import { APIService } from  '../api.service';

@Component({
    selector:  'app-contact-list',
    templateUrl:  './contact-list.component.html',
    styleUrls: ['./contact-list.component.css']
})

export  class  ContactListComponent  implements  OnInit {

private  contacts:  Array<object> = [];
constructor(private  apiService:  APIService) { }
ngOnInit() {
    this.getContacts();
}
public  getContacts(){
    this.apiService.getContacts().subscribe((data:  Array<object>) => {
        this.contacts  =  data;
        console.log(data);
    });
}
}

Now let's display the contacts in the template. Open src/app/contact-list/contact-list.component.html and add the following code:

<h1>
My Contacts
</h1>
<div>
<table  style="width:100%">
<tr>
    <th>First Name</th>
    <th>Last Name</th>
    <th>Phone</th>
    <th>Email</th>
    <th>Address</th>
</tr>
<tr *ngFor="let contact of contacts">
    <td> { { contact.first_name } } </td>
    <td> { { contact.last_name } } </td>
    <td> { { contact.phone } } </td>
    <td> { { contact.email } } </td>
    <td> { { contact.address } } </td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

This is a screen-shot of the component:

Creating Contacts/Sending HTTP POST Request Example

Now let's create a method to send HTTP Post request to create a random contact. Open the API service file and add the following method:

createContact(contact){
    return  this.httpClient.post(`${this.API_URL}/contacts/`,contact);
}

Next let's call this method from the ContactCreateComponent to create a contact. First open src/app/contact-create/contact-create.component.ts and add the following code:

import { Component, OnInit } from  '@angular/core';
import { APIService } from  '../api.service';


@Component({

selector:  'app-contact-create',

templateUrl:  './contact-create.component.html',

styleUrls: ['./contact-create.component.css']

})

export  class  ContactCreateComponent  implements  OnInit {
constructor(private  apiService:  APIService) { }

ngOnInit() {}

createContact(){

var  contact  = {
    account:  1,
    address:  "Home N 333 Apartment 300",
    createdBy:  1,
    description:  "This is the third contact",
    email:  "[email protected]",
    first_name:  "kaya",
    isActive: true,
    last_name: "Abbes",
    phone: "00121212101"
};
this.apiService.createContact(contact).subscribe((response) => {
    console.log(response);
});
};
}
}

For now, we're simply hard-coding the contact info for the sake of simplicity.

Next open src/app/contact-create/contact-create.component.html and add a button to call the method to create a contact:

<h1>
Create Contact
</h1>
<button (click)="createContact()">
    Create Contact
</button>

Conclusion

We've learned how to leverage several Angular 14 concepts to develop a basic full-stack CRUD application with Angular 14 and Django via this Angular 14 tutorial for beginners, which we demonstrated by creating a simple real world CRUD example. You can find the source code in this repository.

• Author: Ahmed Bouchefra Follow @ahmedbouchefra

• Date: 11 Jun 2022